Dora
Moller, wife of Hector Charles Cone Dora Moller (b: 1901 in Darjeeling, Bengal, India; Bapt: 5 Mar 1914 Kalimpong, Bengal, India; she d: 3rd Mar 1953 in Christchurch 52Y Bur: Woodlawn Memorial Gardens, Christchurch) Dora mar: 25 Aug
1931 in
Christchurch to Hector Charles* (Charlie) Cone (b: 27 Jan 1907 in
Christchurch; d: 29 May 1988 in Christchurch 81Y Crem, Ashes to
Woodlawn
Memorial Gardens, Linwood, Christchurch)
Research Source: The Cone family is indebted to Jane McCabe who travelled to Kalimpong in search of her own lineage after discovering her grandmother spent her childhood in India at Dr Grahams Homes in northeastern India. In 1921 she was sent with five others (Dora Mollen was one) to Dunedin, New Zealand - the boys were to work on farms and the girls were placed as domestic help with Otago Presbyterian families. Between 1908 and 1938, 130 Anglo-Indian adolescents were sent to New Zealand from Dr Grahams Homes in Kalimpong, India. Jane researched this immigration scheme and was awarded a PhD at the University of Otago. She followed by publishing her book Race, Tea and Colonial Resettlement (Bloomsbury Collections, 2017) following with Kalimpong Kids which was published by Otago University Press in 2018. Dr Jane McCabe lectures in history in the University of Otago department of history and art history. - it is thanks to her we learn about Doras early years. The missionary, Dr John Anderson Graham was stationed at the church at Kalimpong, Bengal. India in 1889. He became concerned by the hidden practice of British tea planters, and unable to marry until they became managers (a process that could take 10 years) they co-habitated with the local Indian or Nepalese women from the region. The mixed-race children born from their relationship were not accepted into either culture and left with no certain future. Dr Graham was encouraged by the reports of farming opportunities in New Zealand so developed and superintended his scheme of St. Andrews Colonial Homes. The first opened in 1900 and between 1903 and 1905 Graham established a working farm at Kalimpong to train the boys for emigration. In 1906 a farmhouse and demonstration farm of twenty five acres was added, then the area was increased by fifty acres. In 1908 a demonstration farm building was added just as the first emigrant graduates able to enter the labour market were leaving the Homes. They were housed and given a limited European education and in adulthood were sent to the colonies for work under a permit system. Three groups from Kalimpong arrived in relatively quick succession prior to the new legislation coming into effect: groups of seven in January 1920, six in June 1920 and six in early 1921 (this group was the last to land in the South Island and among its number was Dora Moller.) The planters were required to make fee payments for their own children (an initial lump sum payment followed by monthly instalments); some finance was diverted to go to subsidize unsupported children) plus support by the tea plantation agencies.
Before 1912 forms
only
required the parents nationality and whether alive at the time of
admission. The name of the father was recorded under the Applicant
section. Paul Moller,
father of
Dora, was a Danish tea planter in Darjeeling. In 1912 he wrote to
Dr
Graham In 1920, prior to
her departure for New Zealand, Dora made an extended
visit and
Paul Moller welcomed her to his plantation (unstated however
likely an opportunity for her mother to see her daughter
although this action was not encouraged by the Home) In July 1920 Dora
had
written to Graham to thank him for allowing her to go to the
plantation
for a holiday. She had arrived home safely and Father was so
pleased
to see me. He gave me a hearty welcome. Six months later, just
prior to
her departure for New Zealand, Paul Moller wrote that Dora was
still here
and is very lovely. After she left Moller wrote again, to
thank
Graham for the way Dora has been brought up - its a
great credit
to your big institution. Moller informed Graham that he had
priorJust prior to the new legislation coming into effect, three groups left from Kalimpong and arrived in relatively quick succession - group of seven in January 1920, six in June 1920 and early in 1921 the group of six became the last to land in the South Island - Dora Moller was among them. Older brother
Charles
turned down the opportunity to emigrate for some unspecified
reason. He
later wrote late 1921 that had been a foolish idea
and had
changed his mind. He wrote monthly letters for the next two
years
imploring the Homes to assist him to leave. However between 1921
and
1923 there came uncertainties with the new immigration
permit system and no Homes graduates entered the Dominion.
Charles
Mollen spent those years working for the railways in various parts
of
India and was not able to go. not until 5 years later.
The correspondence he receivedwhich indicated immigration rules under debate caused
a high level of awareness of the racial, political and economic issues.
Charles by now very aware that he would need to continue to work through Homes
channels to secure a permit and was required to give his interpretation of the 1920
IRAA to Graham. He was able to relay information from Dora, that her employers, the Maunsells of Dunedin, would be willing to take
responsibility for him. In the 1920s, articles were sent
back to India and published in the Homes Magazine - they provided an
answer to the question of the womens futures - it was
marriage. Women emigrants were strongly encouraged to follow the example of those
who had already established homes of their own. Over the next three years she wrote several letters from the Jenkinses homestead, the elderly couple that she had referred to earlier. Dora wrote of her desire to visit Kalimpong again. Her happy conversation on the subject with her employers is an intimate domestic scene with her hosts. Mr and Mrs Jenkins and I were just talking about sea trips. Mrs Jenkins doesnt think she would like the sea however Mr Jenkins thinks that a sea trip is not bad at al - he has a great desire to see India. I told him if he ever took a trip to India not to forget to call at Kalimpong. He was at Bombay on his way to the front during the war. I love Mr and Mrs Jenkins - they are just like a father and mother to me Letters in the Nomes file from both Charles and Dora expressed their continued emotional ties with their dispersed family - requests for photographs and updates on the progress of their two siblings still at the Homes, and whether they too would be sent to New Zealand. However, Charles and Dora never received any letters from their father after leaving India, which
caused
great confusion and frustration. They could not understand
why he
should treat us like this. In 1921 Charles wrote to Graham
saying it
is so strange that you should not know as to Fathers whereabouts
knowing he
has left you in charge of his children, his flesh and body.
Charles
implied the Homes was complicit in his fathers neglect and their
responsibility to different members of the family. When Dora learnt two New Zealand emigrants, the Chaston sisters, were to be visited by their father, Dora wrote to the Homes in 1929 and described her feeling of abandonment: By the way is my father still alive? I have written to him several times but have had no reply yet. I wrote to him four months ago telling him of my intentions to be married, even then I have had no reply. Mr Purdie can you explain to me why he does not write to us? I feel terribly hurt about it. When he said goodbye to me, he promised faithfully that he would write to me, and here I have been in New Zealand over eight years and I have had not even a line from him. I think he is evil. Paul Moller had continued to correspond with Graham, mostly about practical matters such as fees for the children still at the Homes, but he did enquire about Charles and Dora. Their letters were received and he told Graham that he was glad to hear of their progress. The impression from Charles and Doras letters was that Graham denied knowledge of his whereabouts, or at least refused to act on their behalf in ascertaining his circumstances or the reasons for his silence. The scenario points to the delicacy of these familial arrangements, which had been permanently altered by the physical and bureaucratic intrusion of the institution where the systematic filing of all such correspondence meant that deeply personal matters were dealt with chiefly by managing the paperwork. The letters were stored flat in the file with the graduate student number written at the top of the page; notes were written between staff about how to deal with the enquiry and the date of reply was recorded. The practice of interleaving the letters of what was essentially a blind conversation has left a vivid paper trail of the Homes disruptive influence. While retention of the files has facilitated otherwise impossible family reconnections many years later, their contents lay bare the active part the Homes played in prising and keeping families apart in the first place. After all his imaginings of a better future, Charles was initially disappointed with the situations he encountered in New Zealand, and frustrated at his inability to support his siblings. Upon learning of his younger sister Elizabeths impending emigration in 1928, he wrote to the Homes to dissuade them from sending her, stating that he and Dora were absolutely helpless as far as assisting her goes. The Colour Distinction he wrote, is worse here than in India, and we are all treated as only half-castes or Indians. Charles had encouraged Dora to leave her domestic employment because the wages were too low, stating that, after all, we are not working for a name, but for wages and will go where we are offered more. Drawing Dora into a masculine mindset that prioritized monetary reward over loyalty to employers, and Charles, dissatisfied with his own situation, convinced Dora to combine their savings and open a confectionary shop in Auckland. Despite accruing enough capital to start the business, the Mollers still had to call upon the Homes network to branch out from the employment into which they had been placed. It was only through assistance from A. W. Blair (the former Wellington barrister, by then a judge in Auckland) that they gained consent to lease premises for the business. Presumably this plan did not eventuate as Dora was back with the Jenkinses the following year. A copy of Grahams
reply to
Charles pessimistic letter was found stored in the Moller file.
The following year
a more
upbeat Charles wrote to Graham expressing optimism about his
future and
OTAGO DAILY TIMES,
17
JANUARY 1931: The Church of Scotland has made a EVENING STAR, 12 JULY 1937: The Very Rev. J. A. Graham, C.1.E., D.D., of Kalimpong, Bengal, India will arrive by the express from the north this evening, and will be tha guest of Mr and Mrs 6. Langmore, Musselburgh Rise. Mr Graham will be in Dunedin for about 10 days. Dr Graham, who was Moderator of the Church of Scotland in 1931-32 The memory of
Grahams
visit left memories alive with their descendants - the
anticipation of the
event and emotive response to meeting him; and Richard Cone (Dora
Mollers
son), who was one year old at the time, still has the book Graham
signed
and gifted to him. It was a final chance to meet the man many
still
referred to as Daddy, with fresh news of Kalimpong and of old
aunties at
the Homes and other graduates. It is understandable that even
those who
were reluctant to engage with other Kalimpong emigrants would take
the
opportunity to meet with him, and to show him how well they had
done. One immigant said
it was
sad that the Kalimpong emigrants felt unable to discuss their past
- most
concealed their Indian origins even with their own children and
grandchildren. Perhaps the stigma of the period around race
mixing,
illegitimacy and institutionalization perhaps made them feel that
they
would be burdening their children if they passed any details of
their
upbringing on - also there was considerable trauma and confusion
about
being separated from their parents and sent away from the
plantation at a
young age. ![]() |