Dora Moller, wife of Hector Charles Cone

Dora Moller (b: 1901 in Darjeeling, Bengal, India; Bapt: 5 Mar 1914 Kalimpong, Bengal, India; she d: 3rd Mar 1953 in Christchurch 52Y Bur: Woodlawn Memorial Gardens, Christchurch)

Dora mar: 25 Aug 1931 in Christchurch to Hector Charles* (Charlie) Cone (b: 27 Jan 1907 in Christchurch; d: 29 May 1988 in Christchurch 81Y Crem, Ashes to Woodlawn Memorial Gardens, Linwood, Christchurch)
Their two sons:

i Peter Charles Cone (b: 23 Apr 1935 in Leeston; d: 15 Feb 1998 in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) mar: 25 Mar 1959 in Christchurch to Margaret Jean O'Connell

ii Richard Ross Cone b: in Leeston mar: in Christchurch to Beatrice Ann
O'Connell

Research Source: The Cone family is indebted to Jane McCabe who travelled to Kalimpong in search of her own lineage after discovering her grandmother spent her childhood in India at Dr Grahams Homes in northeastern India. In 1921 she was sent with five others (Dora Mollen was one) to Dunedin, New Zealand - the boys were to work on farms and the girls were placed as domestic help with Otago Presbyterian families. Between 1908 and 1938, 130 Anglo-Indian adolescents were sent to New Zealand from Dr Grahams Homes in Kalimpong, India.

Jane researched this immigration scheme and was awarded a PhD at the University of Otago. She followed by publishing her book Race, Tea and Colonial Resettlement (Bloomsbury Collections, 2017) following with Kalimpong Kids which was published by Otago University Press in 2018. Dr Jane McCabe lectures in history in the University of Otago department of history and art history. - it is thanks to her we learn about Doras early years.

The missionary, Dr John Anderson Graham was  stationed at the church at Kalimpong, Bengal. India in 1889. He became concerned by the hidden practice of British tea planters, and unable to marry until they became managers (a process that could take 10 years) they co-habitated with the local Indian or Nepalese women from the region. The mixed-race children born from their relationship were not accepted into either culture and left with no certain future.

Dr Graham was encouraged by the reports of farming opportunities in New Zealand so developed and superintended his scheme of St. Andrews Colonial Homes. The first opened in 1900 and between 1903 and 1905 Graham established a working farm at Kalimpong to train the boys for emigration. In 1906 a farmhouse and demonstration farm of twenty five acres was added, then the area was increased by fifty acres. In 1908 a demonstration farm building was added just as the first emigrant graduates able to enter the labour market were leaving the Homes. They were housed and given a limited European education and in adulthood were sent to the colonies for work under a permit system. Three groups from Kalimpong arrived in relatively quick succession prior to the new legislation coming into effect: groups of seven in January 1920, six in June 1920 and six in early 1921 (this group was the last to land in the South Island and among its number was Dora Moller.)

The planters were required to make fee payments for their own children (an initial lump sum payment followed by monthly instalments); some finance was diverted to go to subsidize unsupported children) plus support by the tea plantation agencies.

Record Dated -1912;
Fathers name - Paul Surname Mollen;  Nationality - Danish; Mothers name - Not recorded; Ethnicity - Nepali ; District - Darjeeling; Tea estate - Gamong
Childrens circumstances:
Charles Surname Mollen; Male; 14Y; Father alive -Yes; Mother alive -Yes (resident at the
Home 1908).
Dora Surname Mollen; Female; 13Y; Father alive -Yes; Mother alive -Yes (resident at the
Home 1908).
Admission 1912; Peter Surname Mollen; Male; 4Y; Father alive -Yes; Mother alive - Yes
Elizabeth Surname Mollen; * Female
Dennis Surname Mollen; Male 
*The application forms for Elizabeth and Dennis were not found in the Moller file.
The colonial practice required only ethenicity and excluded South Asian womens names
on official records. Source: Dr Grahams Homes, personal files.

Before 1912 forms only required the parents nationality and whether alive at the time of admission. The name of the father was recorded under the Applicant section.
In 1912, a space was given for the mothers name on the form. Paul Moller wrote Nepali for the mothers name and then under nationality he put a dot; Without a written record for Doras mother, her descendants are left unable record their maternal history

Paul Moller, father of Dora, was a Danish tea planter in Darjeeling. In 1912 he wrote to Dr Graham
from his Club requesting that his last three children be admitted as soon as possible and stated their mother has been fighting hard against this however it must be done. She became persuaded when she learnt he was about to be transferred to a to a different plantation. Acting on this advice, Graham advised Moller that only the youngest boy would be taken. However, Moller repeatedly appealed to Graham and Seal to reconsider, and all three children were soon admitted.

In 1920, prior to her departure for New Zealand, Dora made an extended visit and Paul Moller welcomed her to his plantation (unstated however likely an opportunity for her mother to see her daughter although this action was not encouraged by the Home)
Paul Moller wrote to Graham that Dora is very lovely and to thank him for the way she had been brought up and said he had been ordered home to Denmark by his doctor and would not be returning to India. He required all his children still at the home to immigrate to New Zealand and arranged that annual fees to cover school fees would be sent until then.

In July 1920 Dora had written to Graham to thank him for allowing her to go to the plantation for a holiday. She had arrived home safely and Father was so pleased to see me. He gave me a hearty welcome. Six months later, just prior to her departure for New Zealand, Paul Moller wrote that Dora was still here and is very lovely. After she left  Moller wrote again, to thank Graham for the way Dora has been brought up - its a great credit to your big institution. Moller informed Graham that he had
been home to Denmark by his doctor and would not be returning to India. His children still at the Homes, Moller said - As already indicated, I want them all to immigrate to N.Z, and have arranged to make annual payments to cover school fees until their time came.

priorJust prior to the new legislation coming into effect, three groups left from Kalimpong and arrived in relatively quick succession - group of seven in January 1920, six in June 1920 and early in 1921  the group of six became the last to land in the South Island  - Dora Moller was among them.

Older brother Charles turned down the opportunity to emigrate for some unspecified reason. He later wrote late 1921 that had been a foolish idea and had changed his mind. He wrote monthly letters for the next two years imploring the Homes to assist him to leave. However between 1921 and 1923  there came uncertainties with the new immigration  permit system and no Homes graduates entered the Dominion. Charles Mollen spent those years working for the railways in various parts of India and was not able to go. not until 5 years later. The correspondence he receivedwhich indicated immigration rules under debate caused a high level of awareness of the racial, political and economic issues. Charles by now very aware that he would need to continue to work through Homes channels to secure a permit and was required to give his interpretation of the 1920 IRAA to Graham. He was able to relay information from Dora, that her employers, the Maunsells of Dunedin, would be willing to take responsibility for him.
Eventually Charles gained an unofficial passage with the 1928 group of five women and he left for Wellington where Dora was at the port to meet him.

In the 1920s, articles were sent back to India and published in the Homes Magazine - they provided an answer to the question of the womens futures - it was marriage. Women emigrants were strongly encouraged to follow the example of those who had already established homes of their own. 
Filed in Moller records, was Dora's first letter written in 1925. to the Homes Magazine - a contrasts to other accounts of young women stable in either their employers or their own homes.

She was now two years away from the Maunsells and had evidently been highly mobile. She wrote from central Otago.stating I dont know where I have not been and seen since leaving - I will be here only till Easter then  am going to the Lakes near Queenstown. I am to work with an old couple as a companion help. She was hoping to take up business with a friend We will have fruits, sweets and tea, so when you happen to come out to New Zealand you will have to come and have afternoon tea at our place.

Over the next three years she wrote several letters from the Jenkinses homestead, the elderly couple that she had referred to earlier. Dora wrote of her desire to visit Kalimpong again. Her  happy conversation on the subject with her employers is an intimate domestic scene with her hosts. Mr and Mrs Jenkins and I were just talking about sea trips. Mrs Jenkins doesnt think she would like the sea however Mr Jenkins thinks that a sea trip is not bad at al - he has a great desire to see India. I told him if he ever took a trip to India not to forget to call at Kalimpong. He was at Bombay on his way to the front during the war. I love Mr and Mrs Jenkins - they are just like a father and mother to me

Letters in the Nomes file from both Charles and Dora expressed their continued emotional ties with their dispersed family - requests for photographs and updates on the progress of their two siblings still at the Homes, and whether they too would be sent to New Zealand.  However, Charles and Dora never received any letters from their father after leaving India, which caused great confusion and frustration. They could not understand why he should treat us like this. In 1921  Charles wrote to Graham saying it is so strange that you should not know as to Fathers whereabouts knowing he has left you in charge of his children, his flesh and body. Charles implied the Homes was complicit in his fathers neglect and their responsibility to different members of the family. 
Charles insisted that Graham should assist him and Dora in their efforts to force their father to communicate with them, describing himself and his siblings as unfortunate Gods creations.

When Dora learnt two New Zealand emigrants, the Chaston sisters, were to be visited by their father, Dora wrote to the Homes in 1929 and described her feeling of abandonment: By the way is my father still alive? I have written to him several times but have had no reply yet. I wrote to him four months ago telling him of my intentions to be married, even then I have had no reply. Mr Purdie can you explain to me why he does not write to us? I feel terribly hurt about it. When he said goodbye to me, he promised faithfully that he would write to me, and here I have been in New Zealand over eight years and I have had not even a line from him. I think he is evil.

Paul Moller had continued to correspond with Graham, mostly about practical matters such as fees for the children still at the Homes, but he did enquire about Charles and Dora. Their letters were received and he told Graham that he was glad to hear of their progress. The impression from Charles and Doras letters was that Graham denied knowledge of his whereabouts, or at least refused to act on their behalf in ascertaining his circumstances or the reasons for his silence. The scenario points to the delicacy of these familial arrangements, which had been permanently altered by the physical and bureaucratic intrusion of the institution where the systematic filing of all such correspondence meant that deeply personal matters were dealt with chiefly by managing the paperwork. The letters were stored flat in the file with the graduate student number written at the top of the page; notes were written between staff about how to deal with the enquiry and the date of reply was recorded. The practice of interleaving the letters of what was essentially a blind conversation has left a vivid paper trail of the Homes disruptive influence. While retention of the files has facilitated otherwise impossible family reconnections many years later, their contents lay bare the active part the Homes played in prising and keeping families apart in the first place.

After all his imaginings of a better future, Charles was initially disappointed with the situations he encountered in New Zealand, and frustrated at his inability to support his siblings. Upon learning of his younger sister Elizabeths impending emigration in 1928, he wrote to the Homes to dissuade them from sending her, stating that he and Dora were absolutely helpless as far as assisting her goes. The Colour Distinction he wrote, is worse here than in India, and we are all treated as only half-castes or Indians. Charles had encouraged Dora to leave her domestic employment because the wages were too low, stating that, after all, we are not working for a name, but for wages and will go where we are offered more. Drawing Dora into a masculine mindset that prioritized monetary reward over loyalty to employers, and Charles, dissatisfied with his own situation,  convinced Dora to combine their savings and open a confectionary shop in Auckland. Despite accruing enough capital to start the business, the Mollers still had to call upon the Homes network to branch out from the employment into which they had been placed. It was only through assistance from A. W. Blair (the former Wellington barrister, by then a judge in Auckland) that they gained consent to lease premises for the business. Presumably this plan did not eventuate as Dora was back with the Jenkinses the following year.

A copy of Grahams reply to Charles pessimistic letter was found stored in the Moller file.
Graham wrote back that in the same mail I had several other letters and I think in almost all cases the outlook was completely different. He suggested that Charles was being too sensitive about the colour bar and needed to adopt a hardier approach to racial prejudice, which was merely evidence of ignorance and would be encountered anywhere. Graham offered evidence of his belief that New Zealand offers for the future a very much superior chance to India by informing Charles that a Maori has just been appointed a Bishop and that in 1909 one who was of mixed race was acting as Premier of the Colony. As for Elizabeth, the younger sister, Graham advised that their father was strongly in favour of her emigration - this gave further evidence there was on-going contact with Paul Moller.

The following year a more upbeat Charles wrote to Graham expressing optimism about his future and
real hopes of eventually owning a farm (which he later did). He offered suggestions about how to better equip the boys for farm work and provided information, as requested by Graham, about forestry work. This letter was the first of Charles from which an excerpt was printed in the Homes Magazine. 

In Christchurch, Dora Mollers son recalled visiting other Kalimpong families when he was growing up, but these connections had been lost.
Dora and Charles Moller were both married with children in Christchurch, an outcome which no doubt pleased Graham after Charles earlier angry letters.

OTAGO DAILY TIMES, 17 JANUARY 1931: The Church of Scotland has made a
notable selection in the person of . Sir Stanley Jackson, the Governor of Bengal, recently
described Dr Graham as the youngest and most vigorous middle-aged gentleman I ever
met, with the enthusiasm of a boy, the heart of a child, and that confidence of success
which comes through faith and knowledge that a great and human service can never fail
for want of support.†It is interesting to recall that it was through the influence of the
friend of his youth. Professor W. P. Pateron, that Dr Graham gave up the civil service for
the ministry.

EVENING STAR, 12 JULY 1937: The Very Rev. J. A. Graham, C.1.E., D.D., of Kalimpong, Bengal, India will arrive by the express from the north this evening, and will be tha guest of Mr and Mrs 6. Langmore, Musselburgh Rise. Mr Graham will be in Dunedin for about 10 days. Dr Graham, who was Moderator of the Church of Scotland in 1931-32

The memory of Grahams visit left memories alive with their descendants - the anticipation of the event and emotive response to meeting him; and Richard Cone (Dora Mollers son), who was one year old at the time, still has the book Graham signed and gifted to him. It was a final chance to meet the man many still referred to as Daddy, with fresh news of Kalimpong and of old aunties at the Homes and other graduates. It is understandable that even those who were reluctant to engage with other Kalimpong emigrants would take the opportunity to meet with him, and to show him how well they had done. 

Grahams departure may also have started to close some doors on the emigrants ponderings of their pre-New Zealand lives. Richard Cone remembered his mother, Dora Moller, being quite fluent in Hindi and wanting to teach it to her sons, however, she never did. They recalled visiting other Kalimpong families when growing up, but these connections had been lost.

One immigant said it was sad that the Kalimpong emigrants felt unable to discuss their past - most concealed their Indian origins even with their own children and grandchildren. Perhaps the stigma of the period around race mixing, illegitimacy and institutionalization perhaps made them feel that they would be burdening their children if they passed any details of their upbringing on - also there was considerable trauma and confusion about being separated from their parents and sent away from the plantation at a young age.
Though Dr Graham hoped the emigrants would, in the course of time, move from being farm hands to farm owners in New Zealand, the prevailing social conditions of the early 20th century did not favor the transition. Most men in subsequent years took up white collar work, while others set up small businesses or entered professions. Several of them volunteered for service in World War I and World War II, and many were killed in action, or wounded or otherwise affected by the experience of war.
Most women found their place through marriage and were very committed to their families, reflecting a response to their early separations.

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